functional programming

Higher-Order Functions

A higher-order function is a function that takes other functions as arguments, returns a function, or both. Think of it like a factory foreman who doesn't do the assembly work directly but delegates specific tasks to specialized workers. Higher-order functions let you abstract patterns of computation — instead of duplicating logic with slight variations, you parameterize the varying part as a function argument.

Use Cases

•Creating reusable middleware chains in web frameworks (Express, Koa, Django)
•Building configurable validators or transformers that vary only in their rule logic
•Event handler factories that produce specialized handlers from a template
•Array processing with map, filter, and reduce — all higher-order functions themselves

Implementation

Output

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